“Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface     

Jochen Hinkel   《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(1):198-208

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Carbon isotopic fractionation by desorption of shale gases     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2015

Geochemical studies of shale gas and conventional reservoirs within the Triassic Yanchang Formation of Xiasiwan and Yongning Field, Ordos Basin show that methane is isotopically depleted in ¹³C as compared to δ¹³C₁ calculated by the Ro based on the relationship between δ¹³C₁ and Ro. Geochemical fractionation during the adsorption/desorption process of shale system may play a significant part in influencing δ¹³C₁ values of shale gas. Two shale core samples from confined coring of the Yanchang Formation were adopted segmented desorption experiments to examine this phenomenon. The results show that the δ¹³C₁ of desorbed gas changes little in the first few phases of the experiments at low desorption levels, but become less negative rapidly when the fraction of desorbed methane exceeds 85%. The desorption process for the last 15% fraction of the methane from the shale samples shows a wide variation in δ¹³C₁ from −49‰ to −33.9‰. Moreover, δ¹³C₁ of all desorbed methane from the shale samples is substantially depleted in ¹³C than that calculated by Ro, according to Stahl and Carey's δ¹³C₁–Ro equation for natural gas generated from sapropelic organic matter. This shows some gases with isotopically enriched in ¹³C cannot be desorbed under the temperature and pressure conditions of the desorption experiments. This observation may be the real reason for the δ¹³C₁ of shale gases and conventional reservoirs becomes more negative in Xiasiwan and Yongning Fields, Ordos Basin. The magnitude of the deviation between the δ¹³C₁ of shale gas and that calculated by Ro may be related to the adsorption capacity of shale or the proportion of absorbed gases. In this way, we may be able to evaluate the relative adsorption capacity of shale in geological conditions by δ¹³C₁ of the shale gas, or by δ¹³C₁ of conventional gas which generated by the shale with certainty. The δ¹³C₁ of conventional gas in Dingbian and Yingwang Fields have no deviation because the TOC value of the hydrocarbon source rock is relatively low.  相似文献   

在大洋环流模型中对应于惯性内波破碎的垂直混合的一个参数化方案   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

范植松  尚真琦  张善武  胡瑞金  刘海龙 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(1):11-22

Based on the theoretical spectral model of inertial internal wave breaking(fine structure) proposed previously, in which the effects of the horizontal Coriolis frequency component f-tilde on a potential isopycnal are taken into account, a parameterization scheme of vertical mixing in the stably stratified interior below the surface mixed layer in the ocean general circulation model(OGCM) is put forward preliminarily in this paper. Besides turbulence, the impact of sub-mesoscale oceanic processes(including inertial internal wave breaking product) on oceanic interior mixing is emphasized. We suggest that adding the inertial internal wave breaking mixing scheme(F-scheme for short) put forward in this paper to the turbulence mixing scheme of Canuto et al.( T-scheme for short) in the OGCM, except the region from 15°S to 15°N. The numerical results of F-scheme by using WOA09 data and an OGCM(LICOM, LASG/IAP climate system ocean model) over the global ocean are given. A notable improvement in the simulation of salinity and temperature over the global ocean is attained by using T-scheme adding F-scheme, especially in the mid- and high-latitude regions in the simulation of the intermediate water and deep water. We conjecture that the inertial internal wave breaking mixing and inertial forcing of wind might be one of important mechanisms maintaining the ventilation process. The modeling strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) by using T-scheme adding F-scheme may be more reasonable than that by using T-scheme alone, though the physical processes need to be further studied, and the overflow parameterization needs to be incorporated. A shortcoming in F-scheme is that in this paper the error of simulated salinity and temperature by using T-scheme adding F-scheme is larger than that by using T-scheme alone in the subsurface layer.  相似文献   

Governance fit for climate change in a Caribbean coastal-marine context     

《Marine Policy》2015

Coastal-marine systems in small island developing states of the Caribbean are highly vulnerable to both current and future climate change. Societies navigate these changes in part through processes of governance and the institutions through which governance takes place. The concept of institutional adaptive capacity is used to explore how governance processes and institutional arrangements can be adapted to match the scale and extent of climate change in a case study of the Soufriere Marine Management Area, St. Lucia. Institutional adaptive capacity is analyzed based on the following factors: institutional variety, analytical deliberation and nesting and networks. The analysis is based on 36 semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants from NGOs, cooperatives, management authorities and government agencies. The findings suggest that governance to address climate change in the case study is contingent upon developing holistic, integrated management systems, improving flexibility in existing collaborative decision making processes, augmenting the capacity of local management authorities with support from higher-level government, exploring opportunities for private–social partnerships, and developing adequate social–environmental monitoring programs. These findings have potential implications and lessons for similar settings throughout the Caribbean.  相似文献   

基于GIS的近海剩余环境容量计算模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

柯丽娜  王权明  徐丽雯  姜昕  杨山力 《海洋科学》2015,39(7):112-117

探讨一种基于GIS 克里格插值方法的剩余环境容量计算方法, 通过GIS 地统计分析插值模型将水质模拟问题转化为数学统计问题, 充分利用水质水体、沉积物监测数据, 采用克里格插值法对污染物浓度和水深在局部海域内进行插值, 将研究区域离散为一个个的均匀栅格单元, 比较每个单元污染物浓度与水质目标之间的差值, 从而估算得到研究海域的剩余环境容量。通过2009 年8 月锦州湾剩余环境容量的计算实例表明, 基于GIS 的剩余环境容量初步计算方法在资料缺乏地区是十分简便、有效的, 这为海域开发利用区环境管理与规划提供了参考。  相似文献   

Experimental research on horizontal bearing behavior of caisson-pile composite foundationEI北大核心CSCD     

Wang Lei  Guo Chao  Mu Bao-gang  Gong Wei-ming  Sun Zhen-wei 《岩土力学》2015,(11):3150-+

In this study, four groups of different types of bridge foundation model are tested to research the horizontal bearing behavior of caisson-pile composite foundation in lab based on the Qiongzhou Strait bridge project. The Q-s curve and horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of these four groups of foundations in sandy soil layer are obtained. Pile bending moment and shear force of pile shaft are analyzed in detail. At the same time, the load sharing ratio of caisson and piles is discussed. The results show that the horizontal ultimate bearing capacities of a single caisson foundation are increased by 1.2 times, 1.6 times and 2 times respectively with adding skirts, steel pipe pile, or steel pipe pile and the skirt. The maximum bending moment point is in the middle of the pile shaft, i.e. at about 0.5 m under the mud surface. The horizontal load is borne mainly by the upper caisson foundation and soil layers above the middle upper part of pile. The maximum shear force is found at the joint of pile top of steel pipe and caisson pile, where the reinforcement measures should be taken in practical engineering. The research achievements could provide a better reference for design or construction of caisson-pile composite foundation.  相似文献   

Ultimate Load Capacity of Offshore Pipeline with Arbitrary Shape Corrosion Defects     

陈严飞  张娟  张宏  刘啸奔  李昕  周晶  曹静 《海洋工程》2015,29(2):241-252

A set of generalized solutions are proposed for estimating ultimate load capacity of pipeline with arbitrary corrosion shapes subjected to combined internal pressure, axial force and bending moment. Isotropic and anisotropic material characteristics in longitudinal and circumferential direction of pipeline are also considered in the proposed equations. Simplified numerical method is used to solve the generalized expressions. The comparisons of numerical results based generalized solutions and full-scale experimental results are carried out. The predicted results agree reasonably well with the experiment results. Meanwhile, the effects of corrosion shapes and locations on the ultimate load capacity are studied.  相似文献   

基于CORS站的GPS平面控制网起算点兼容性研究     

陈焕然 《测绘工程》2015,(2):24-26

不同等级或者不同时期布设控制点都可能存在较大误差,如果以误差较大点做起算,都会扭曲GPS测量的精度,严重影响GPS成果可靠性。文中以某城市四等GPS控制网为例,探讨以城市CORS站分析GPS控制网起算点兼容性,并得到成功应用。  相似文献   

基于纵横断面的机载雷达点云数据滤波     

黄迟  张汉德  范学炜  纪红如 《测绘科学》2015,(11):34-38

针对现有基于坡度滤波的改进方法难以同时提升滤波速度与精度的问题,文章提出了一种基于纵横断面的机载LiDAR点云数据滤波方法。该方法视测区为多个断面构成,以行(列)为滤波基本单位,兼顾高程突变的方向信息,分别从纵横断面以基于坡度的判据进行滤波处理,可同时提高计算速度与结果精度。实验结果表明,该算法计算速度快,并且对于不同特征的地形都能取得较好的滤波效果。  相似文献   

建筑变形分析系统ST5.5在建筑物变形测量中的应用     

宁赟  肖春生  何名君 《测绘与空间地理信息》2015,(7):187-190

以具体的沉降观测项目和水平位移观测项目为示例,探讨了建筑物变形分析系统ST 5.5在建筑物变形测量中的应用。对该系统的功能和使用方法做了详细的阐述说明,并对使用心得做了详尽的介绍,对遇到的一些问题提出了相应的解决方法。  相似文献